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Diagnosis and Staging of Multiple Myeloma

Diagnosis

Some people find out they have multiple myeloma after a routine physical, blood test, or X-rays. Others tell their doctor that they are not feeling well, and because of their symptoms, their doctors will perform various tests to make a diagnosis.

A diagnosis of myeloma is made based on the presence of an increased number of plasma cells in the bone marrow and, in most cases, the presence of excess protein (M-protein) in the blood or urine.

Some tests to confirm a diagnosis of multiple myeloma include:

  • Serum Electrophoresis (SPEP) measures the levels of various proteins in your blood. Measuring and tracking the levels of proteins in the blood helps to determine the progression of your disease and your response to treatment. Most multiple myeloma patients see an increase in M-protein, known as an "M-spike" or "para protein."
  • Serum Free Light Chain Assay detects and measures substances called free light chains (kappa and lambda). It is a sensitive indicator that is associated with progression or development of multiple myeloma.
  • Urine tests, such as 24-hour urine total protein and creatinine clearance, that measure your kidney function
  • Bone Marrow Biopsy can detect an increase in the number of plasma cells in the bone marrow (the spongy inner part of the bones where blood cells are made). The biopsy requires a sample of solid bone tissue usually taken from the marrow in the pelvis. A diagnosis of multiple myeloma is likely if 10% or more of the cells in your bone marrow are plasma cells.

These tests indicate how much disease is in your body.

Classifications

Multiple myeloma can be classified into stages according to a patient’s symptoms and the extent of his or her disease. Doctors usually perform a number of tests and use the results to help determine a cancer’s stage.

There are some initial stages of multiple myeloma that may not require treatment. Depending on the stage of your disease, you and your doctor may decide to wait to treat until your disease is more advanced.

Symptomatic multiple myeloma is when patients have active disease that requires treatment. Doctors may diagnose symptomatic multiple myeloma using the CRAB criteria.

  • C: evidence of hyperCalcemia – too much calcium in the blood
  • R: evidence of Renal dysfunction – poor kidney function
  • A: Anemia – too few red blood cells
  • B: Bone lesions – areas of damage to the bones

NEXT: Treatment Options

Plasma Cells

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

Bone Marrow

Soft, sponge-like area in the center of large bones that contains hematopoietic stem cells for production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

Protein

A molecule made up of amino acids that is needed for the body to function properly. Proteins serve as building blocks and/or functional units of all cells and organs. They are made by the body itself or are obtained through nutrition (good sources of protein include eggs, meat, dairy products, and beans).

M-Protein

An antibody found in unusually large amounts in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma and other types of plasma cell tumors. Also called monoclonal protein.

Biopsy

Removal of cells or fluids from the body for diagnostic purposes

Hypercalcemia

Excess of calcium in the blood

Renal

Relating to kidneys

Anemia

A low level of red blood cells or hemoglobin; may be characterized by paleness, weakness, or shortness of breath with activity


Important Safety Information

What is VELCADE® (bortezomib) used for?

VELCADE is approved for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (a cancer of the plasma cells). VELCADE is also approved for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (a cancer of the lymph nodes) who have already received other treatments.

How is VELCADE administered?

VELCADE is prescribed by a physician experienced in the use of medications to treat cancer. It is administered by a healthcare professional as an injection into your vein (intravenously, or IV) or under your skin (subcutaneously). VELCADE must not be administered into your spinal fluid (intrathecally).

Who should not receive VELCADE?

Before you receive treatment with VELCADE, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions. You should not receive VELCADE if you are allergic to bortezomib, boron, or mannitol.

What are the possible side effects of VELCADE?

VELCADE can cause serious side effects, including:

  • Peripheral neuropathy. VELCADE can cause damage to the nerves, a condition called peripheral neuropathy. You may feel muscle weakness, tingling, burning, pain, and loss of feeling in your hands and feet, any of which can be severe. Tell your doctor if you notice any of these symptoms. Your doctor may change the dose and/or schedule of VELCADE, or stop it altogether. If you have peripheral neuropathy before starting VELCADE, your doctor could consider giving you VELCADE subcutaneously.
  • Low blood pressure. VELCADE can cause a drop in blood pressure. Tell your doctor if you have low blood pressure, feel dizzy, or feel as though you might faint. If you are taking drugs that lower blood pressure, your medications might need to be adjusted. If you are not drinking enough liquids, your doctor may need to administer IV fluids.
  • Heart problems. Treatment with VELCADE can cause or worsen heart rhythm problems and heart failure. Your doctor may closely monitor you if you have, or are at risk for, heart disease. Tell your doctor if you experience chest pressure or pain, palpitations, swelling of your ankles or feet, or shortness of breath.
  • Lung disorders. There have been reports of lung disorders in patients receiving VELCADE. Some of these events have been fatal. Tell your doctor if you experience any cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, or difficulty breathing.
  • Liver disease. If you have liver problems, it can be harder for your body to get rid of VELCADE. VELCADE has caused sudden liver failure in patients who were taking many medications or had other serious medical conditions. Symptoms of liver problems include a yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin (jaundice) and changes in liver enzymes measured in blood tests. Your doctor will closely monitor you if you have liver disease. In patients with moderate or severe liver disease, VELCADE should be started at a lower dose. Additional dose adjustments may be made based on your tolerance of the drug.
  • Gastrointestinal problems. VELCADE treatment can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. If your symptoms are severe, your doctor may recommend IV fluids and/or medications.
  • Neutropenia (low levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell) and thrombocytopenia (low levels of platelets). VELCADE can cause low levels of white blood cells (infection-fighting cells) and/or platelets (clot-forming cells). You will have regular blood tests to check your cell counts during your treatment with VELCADE. If the number of these cells is very low, your doctor may change the dose and/or schedule of VELCADE. If your white blood cells become low, you can be at higher risk for infections. Tell your doctor if you develop a fever or believe you have an infection. If platelets become very low, there is an increased risk of bleeding. Your doctor may recommend a platelet transfusion. There have been cases of bleeding in the stomach, bowels, and brain during treatment with VELCADE.
  • Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). TLS can occur with cancer treatments, and your doctor will be monitoring your blood and urine for any signs of this syndrome. If you develop TLS, your doctor will take appropriate steps to treat it.
  • Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). There have been reports of a rare, reversible condition involving the brain, called RPLS, in patients treated with VELCADE. Patients with RPLS can have seizures, high blood pressure, headaches, tiredness, confusion, blindness, or other vision problems. Treatment with VELCADE should be stopped in cases of RPLS.

More than 30% of patients receiving VELCADE have experienced the following side effects: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, neuralgia (nerve pain), pyrexia (fever), diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia (low levels of white blood cells), decreased appetite, fatigue, constipation, vomiting, dehydration, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cough, asthenia (low energy), insomnia (trouble sleeping), peripheral edema (swelling of the limbs), and headache.

What other information should you discuss with your doctor?

Women should avoid becoming pregnant or breastfeeding while being treated with VELCADE. Discuss with your doctor when it is safe to restart breastfeeding after finishing your treatment.

You should also tell your doctor if you:

  • Have kidney disease. If you are on dialysis, your doctor will administer VELCADE after the dialysis procedure.
  • Are taking medication for diabetes. VELCADE can affect your blood glucose levels. Your doctor may require close monitoring of your blood glucose levels and change the dose of your diabetes medicine while you are being treated with VELCADE.
  • Have liver disease.
  • Are using medicines like ketoconazole (an antifungal), ritonavir (an antiviral), and rifampin (an antibiotic), which will require close monitoring during treatment with VELCADE.
  • Are using any other medications (including over-the-counter drugs), herbal or dietary supplements, or holistic treatments. St. John’s Wort should be avoided.
  • Develop a rash of any type while receiving VELCADE.

The side effects of VELCADE may impair your ability to drive or operate machinery.

These are not all of the possible side effects with VELCADE. It is important to always contact your doctor if you experience any side effects while on VELCADE. If you have any questions about VELCADE, contact your doctor.

Please click here for the full Prescribing Information for VELCADE, including Warnings and Precautions.

Page last updated 1/23/2012

Find coping strategies.
Important Safety Information
What is VELCADE® (bortezomib) used for?

VELCADE is approved for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (a cancer of the plasma cells). VELCADE is also approved for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (a cancer of the lymph nodes) who have already received other treatments.

How is VELCADE administered?

VELCADE is prescribed by a physician experienced in the use of medications to treat cancer. It is administered by a healthcare professional as an injection into your vein (intravenously, or IV) or under your skin (subcutaneously). VELCADE must not be administered into your spinal fluid (intrathecally).

Who should not receive VELCADE?

Before you receive treatment with VELCADE, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions. You should not receive VELCADE if you are allergic to bortezomib, boron, or mannitol.

What are the possible side effects of VELCADE?

VELCADE can cause serious side effects, including:

  • Peripheral neuropathy. VELCADE can cause damage to the nerves, a condition called peripheral neuropathy. You may feel muscle weakness, tingling, burning, pain, and loss of feeling in your hands and feet, any of which can be severe. Tell your doctor if you notice any of these symptoms. Your doctor may change the dose and/or schedule of VELCADE, or stop it altogether. If you have peripheral neuropathy before starting VELCADE, your doctor could consider giving you VELCADE subcutaneously.
  • Low blood pressure. VELCADE can cause a drop in blood pressure. Tell your doctor if you have low blood pressure, feel dizzy, or feel as though you might faint. If you are taking drugs that lower blood pressure, your medications might need to be adjusted. If you are not drinking enough liquids, your doctor may need to administer IV fluids.
  • Heart problems. Treatment with VELCADE can cause or worsen heart rhythm problems and heart failure. Your doctor may closely monitor you if you have, or are at risk for, heart disease. Tell your doctor if you experience chest pressure or pain, palpitations, swelling of your ankles or feet, or shortness of breath.
  • Lung disorders. There have been reports of lung disorders in patients receiving VELCADE. Some of these events have been fatal. Tell your doctor if you experience any cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, or difficulty breathing.
  • Liver disease. If you have liver problems, it can be harder for your body to get rid of VELCADE. VELCADE has caused sudden liver failure in patients who were taking many medications or had other serious medical conditions. Symptoms of liver problems include a yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin (jaundice) and changes in liver enzymes measured in blood tests. Your doctor will closely monitor you if you have liver disease. In patients with moderate or severe liver disease, VELCADE should be started at a lower dose. Additional dose adjustments may be made based on your tolerance of the drug.
  • Gastrointestinal problems. VELCADE treatment can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. If your symptoms are severe, your doctor may recommend IV fluids and/or medications.
  • Neutropenia (low levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell) and thrombocytopenia (low levels of platelets). VELCADE can cause low levels of white blood cells (infection-fighting cells) and/or platelets (clot-forming cells). You will have regular blood tests to check your cell counts during your treatment with VELCADE. If the number of these cells is very low, your doctor may change the dose and/or schedule of VELCADE. If your white blood cells become low, you can be at higher risk for infections. Tell your doctor if you develop a fever or believe you have an infection. If platelets become very low, there is an increased risk of bleeding. Your doctor may recommend a platelet transfusion. There have been cases of bleeding in the stomach, bowels, and brain during treatment with VELCADE.
  • Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). TLS can occur with cancer treatments, and your doctor will be monitoring your blood and urine for any signs of this syndrome. If you develop TLS, your doctor will take appropriate steps to treat it.
  • Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). There have been reports of a rare, reversible condition involving the brain, called RPLS, in patients treated with VELCADE. Patients with RPLS can have seizures, high blood pressure, headaches, tiredness, confusion, blindness, or other vision problems. Treatment with VELCADE should be stopped in cases of RPLS.

More than 30% of patients receiving VELCADE have experienced the following side effects: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, neuralgia (nerve pain), pyrexia (fever), diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia (low levels of white blood cells), decreased appetite, fatigue, constipation, vomiting, dehydration, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cough, asthenia (low energy), insomnia (trouble sleeping), peripheral edema (swelling of the limbs), and headache.

What other information should you discuss with your doctor?

Women should avoid becoming pregnant or breastfeeding while being treated with VELCADE. Discuss with your doctor when it is safe to restart breastfeeding after finishing your treatment.

You should also tell your doctor if you:

  • Have kidney disease. If you are on dialysis, your doctor will administer VELCADE after the dialysis procedure.
  • Are taking medication for diabetes. VELCADE can affect your blood glucose levels. Your doctor may require close monitoring of your blood glucose levels and change the dose of your diabetes medicine while you are being treated with VELCADE.
  • Have liver disease.
  • Are using medicines like ketoconazole (an antifungal), ritonavir (an antiviral), and rifampin (an antibiotic), which will require close monitoring during treatment with VELCADE.
  • Are using any other medications (including over-the-counter drugs), herbal or dietary supplements, or holistic treatments. St. John’s Wort should be avoided.
  • Develop a rash of any type while receiving VELCADE.

The side effects of VELCADE may impair your ability to drive or operate machinery.

These are not all of the possible side effects with VELCADE. It is important to always contact your doctor if you experience any side effects while on VELCADE. If you have any questions about VELCADE, contact your doctor.

Please click here for the full Prescribing Information for VELCADE, including Warnings and Precautions.